According to IBM, “Kerberoasting is a cyberattack that exploits the Kerberos authentication protocol. Threat actors steal Kerberos service tickets to uncover the plaintext passwords of network service accounts. The hackers then take control of these service accounts to steal data, spread malware and more. ”
Furthermore, according to IBM’s X-Force Threat Intelligence Index, analysts observed a 100% increase in Kerberoasting incidents between 2022 and 2023, reflecting a broader trend of exploiting valid accounts to breach networks. As network and endpoint security measures have improved, direct attacks have become significantly more challenging to execute.
The Kerberos authentication process
Kerberos uses a unique authentication process that may be helpful to understand. When a user logs into a Windows domain, they get a ticket-granting ticket (TGT) from the domain controller. This TGT is used to request service tickets to access network resources. Each service ticket has a session key encrypted with the user’s password hash, or a string of code that can be translated into the password, which the target of Kerberoasting attacks.
Kerberoasting attack process
In a Kerberoasting attack, a hacker impersonates a service user and requests a service ticket. The ticket contains a password hash—a secure, scrambled version of the password. If the attacker successfully cracks the hash offline, the original password can be revealed, granting unauthorized access to the service account.
Read also: What is an impersonation attack?
The Kerberoasting attack lifecycle
The Kerberoasting attack typically unfolds in the following stages:
- Reconnaissance: The attacker identifies user accounts in the Active Directory domain that have associated SPNs, indicating they have access to specific network services.
- Service ticket request: The attacker uses tools to request a service ticket for the targeted user account, which contains the user's password hash.
- Offline password cracking: The attacker then employs password cracking tools to attempt to crack the password hash obtained from the service ticket.
- Credential abuse: Once the password is cracked, the attacker can use the plaintext credentials to gain unauthorized access to the targeted systems and resources.
Mitigating Kerberoasting
Defending against Kerberoasting attacks requires an approach that combines technical and organizational measures:
Technical measures
- Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA): Requiring additional authentication factors beyond just a password can effectively mitigate the impact of compromised credentials.
- Enforce complex passwords for service accounts: Ensuring service accounts have strong, complex passwords can make it more challenging for attackers to crack the password hashes.
- Centralize password management: Using a centralized password management system can help automate the rotation and complexity of service account passwords.
- Monitor for suspicious activity: Continuously monitoring for unusual service ticket requests and account usage patterns can help detect potential Kerberoasting attacks.
Organizational measures
- Security awareness training: Educating employees on the risks of Kerberoasting and other cyber threats can enhance the overall security posture of the organization.
- Incident response planning: Developing and regularly testing incident response procedures can help organizations quickly detect, investigate, and mitigate the impact of Kerberoasting attacks.
- Privileged access management: Implementing privileged access management controls can limit the exposure of highly privileged accounts, reducing the potential impact of a successful Kerberoasting attack.
Read more: Tips for cybersecurity in healthcare
FAQs
How does Kerberoasting relate to healthcare security?
Kerberoasting is a cyberattack technique where attackers extract service account credentials from a network’s Kerberos authentication protocol. By targeting service accounts with elevated privileges, attackers can gain unauthorized access to systems, including those containing electronic protected health information (ePHI).
Why is Kerberoasting a concern for HIPAA compliance in healthcare settings?
Kerberoasting is a concern for HIPAA compliance because it exploits vulnerabilities in a healthcare organization's authentication processes, potentially leading to unauthorized access to ePHI. Such breaches can result in severe privacy violations, legal consequences, and financial penalties.
What are the potential risks associated with Kerberoasting under HIPAA?
- Data breaches: Successful Kerberoasting attacks can lead to unauthorized access to ePHI, exposing sensitive patient information and violating HIPAA regulations.
- Non-compliance penalties: Healthcare organizations may face fines and legal actions for failing to protect ePHI adequately from Kerberoasting attacks.
- Operational disruptions: Compromised service accounts may allow attackers to disrupt healthcare operations, affecting patient care and administrative functions.
- Credential theft: Attackers can steal and misuse credentials to gain persistent access to systems, further escalating the risk of data breaches.
- Reputational damage: Healthcare organizations may suffer loss of trust from patients and partners if they fail to protect ePHI from sophisticated attacks like Kerberoasting.
Learn more: HIPAA Compliant Email: The Definitive Guide